Role Theory free essay sample

Role theory concerns one of the most important features of social life, characteristicbehavior patternsor roles. It explains roles by presumingthat persons are members of social positions and hold expectationsfor their own behaviorsand those of otherpersons. Its vocabularyand concernsare popular and among social scientistsandpractitioners, role conceptshave generateda lot of research. At least five perspectives may be discriminatedin recent work organizational, within the field: functional, symbolic interactionist,structural, andcognitive role theory. Much of role researchreflectspracticalconcernsand derivedconcepts, and researchon four such concepts is reviewed:consensus, conformity, role conflict, and role taking. Recent developmentssuggest both centrifugal and integrative forces within the role field. The former reflect differingperspectivalcommitmentsof scholars,confusions anddisagreements over use of role concepts, andthe fact thatrole theoryis used to analyzevarious forms of social system. The latterreflect the shared,basic concernsof the field and efforts by role theorists to seek a broad version of the field that will accommodatea wide range of interests. INTRODUCTION Role theoryposes an intriguingdilemma. We will write a custom essay sample on Role Theory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On the one hand, the conceptof role is one of the most popular ideas in the social sciences. At least 10% of all articles currently published in sociological journals use the term role in a reviews of social technicalsense, chapterson role theoryappearin authoritative psychology, essay volumes on role theory appearregularly, endless applications of role ideas may be found in basic texts for sociology and social 67 0360-0572/86/08 15-0067$02. 00 68 BIDDLE sychology, and role theoryprovides a perspectivefor discussing or studying persistin many social issues. On the otherhand, confusion and malintegration role theory. Authors continue to differ over definitions for the role concept, over assumptionsthey make about roles, and over explanationsfor role phenomena. And formalderivationsfor role propositionshave been hardto find. This dilemma has promptedsome authorsto write damningreviews of role theory. Nevertheless, substantialreasons exist for the popularityof the role concept. Role theory exhibits an agreed-uponset of core ideas, and empirical researchthatuses these ideas flowers. The philosophicalstanceof role theoryis attractiveand useful in efforts to amelioratehuman problems. Role theory offers opportunities to integrate key interests of researchersin sociology, also suggestthatexplanapsychology, and anthropology. Recentcontributions tion in role theory is now becoming more formal. Consequently,the focus of this essay is moreupon synthesisthancriticismof the field. I review ideas basic of to role theory, examinetreatment these ideas in severalperspectivesof social thought, and review empiricalresearchfor key issues in role theory. The essay ends with a discussion of issues and propositionaltheory for the field. BASIC IDEAS AND ORIENTATION of Role theory concerns one of the most importantcharacteristics social behavior-the fact that human beings behave in ways that are different and predictabledependingon theirrespectivesocial identitiesandthe situation. As the term role suggests, the theory began life as a theatrical metaphor. If and performancesin the theaterwere differentiated predictablebecause actors for were constrainedto performparts which scriptswere written, then it seemed reasonableto believe that social behaviorsin othercontexts were also by associatedwith partsand scriptsunderstood social actors. Thus, role theory and may be said to concernitself with a triadof concepts:patterned characteristic social behaviors, partsor identitiesthatare assumedby social participants, and scriptsor expectationsfor behaviorthatare understood all and adhered by to by performers. Confusion entered role theory because its basic theatricalmetaphorwas applied only loosely and because its earliest proponents (Georg Simmel, George HerbertMead, RalphLinton, and JacobMoreno)differedin the ways they used role terms. Unfortunately,these differencespersistin currentliterature. Thus, whereas some authorsuse the term role to refer to characteristic behaviors(Biddle 1979, Burt 1982), othersuse it to designatesocial partsto be played (Winship Mandel 1983), andstill othersoffer definitionsthatfocus on scripts for social conduct (Bates Harvey 1975, Zurcher 1983). Although these differences appearsubstantial,the problemis more terminologicalthan substantive. Agreementpersistsamongrole theoriststhatthe basic concernsof   the orientationare with characteristic behaviors,partsto be played, and scripts for behavior. For convenience, in this essay I shall designate these basic concepts of role theory by the familiar terms of role, social position, and expectation, respectively. Somewhatmoreseriousaredisagreements role theoristsoverthe modality by of expectationspresumablyresponsiblefor roles. Whereasmanyrole theorists assumethatexpectationsare norms(i. e. prescriptivein nature),othersassume them to be beliefs (referringto subjective probability), and still others view them as preferences (or attitudes). Each mode of expectationgeneratesroles for somewhat different reasons, so different versions of role theory result, dependingon the mode of expectationassumed. (LaterI will arguethatall three modes should be retained. ) Even more serious is the retention, in role theory, of concepts whose definitions involve improbable,undetectable,or contradictory conditions. To illustratethis latterproblem, one influentialsourcedefines a role as aparticularset of normsthatis organizedabouta function(Bates Harvey1975: 106). Anotherdescribes role as a comprehensive patternfor behaviorand attitude (Turner1979: 124). And still anotherconceives role as behaviorreferringto normativeexpectationsassociatedwith a position in a social system(Allen van de Vliert 1984a: 3). These definitionsoverlap, but each adds one or more conditionsnot given in the others. This leaves the readerin confusionover how to conceptualize or study events that do not meet these conditions. Are patterned behaviorsthen not roles when they arenot associatedwith a function, not tied to attitudes, or not associated with norms or social positions? Role theory would be betteroff if its majorproponentscould be persuadedto agree upon, or better yet, to eschew, such limiting conditions. Although role theorists differ in the assumptions they build into basic and concepts, they arelargely similarin philosophicorientation in the methods used for theirresearch. Most versions of role theorypresumethatexpectations are the majorgeneratorsof roles, thatexpectationsarelearnedthroughexperience, andthatpersonsare awareof the xpectationsthey hold. This meansthat role theorypresumesa thoughtful,socially awarehumanactor. As a result,role theorists tend to be sympathetic to other orientationsthat presume human awareness-for example, cognitive and field theories in social psychology or in exchange theoryandphenomenologicalapproaches sociology. And because of this sympathy, role theorists also tend to adopt the methods of research prevalent in these orientations,particularlymethods for observing roles and those thatrequireresearchsubjectsto report theirown or others expectations. Given its basic focus, one might assume that empirical research by role theorists would focus on the origins, dynamics, and effects of roles, social positions, and expectations. Surprisingly,this has not been the case. Instead, much of role researchhas concernedpracticalquestionsand derivedconcepts 70 BIDDLE such as role conflict, role taking, role playing, or consensus. The practical concernsof role researchhave been both a blessing anda curse. On the positive side, they have broughtattentionto role theory and funds for needed research efforts. On the negative, they have tendedto expand and confuse the application of role ideas. This has led to widespreadadoptionof the role vocabularyas well as the generation of new concepts that might not have appearedhad researchbeen more focused. But formal developmentof the theory has suffered, and role theoristsoften have workedat cross-purposes. In addition,the fact that role concepts have been employed by scholarsrepresentingseveral differenttheoreticalperspectiveshas meantthat, in the views of some authors, roletheoryis merely an expressionof those perspectives. This has led some reviewersto praise or damnrole theorybecause they approveor disapproveof the perspective with which they associate it-failing to recognize that role concepts are employed for various purposesby other social scientists. These problemsareseriousones, androle theorywill prosperin the futureto theextent that it adopts its own distinctive theoreticalorientation,one that stands apart fromthe theoreticalperspectiveswith which it has been historicallyassociated. As suggested above, interestin role theoryhas appearedin some of the central arenas of sociology and social psychology. Five such perspectives are discriminatedhere. Functional Role Theory The functionalapproach role theorybeganwith the workof Linton(1936) but to was not formalized until the publicationsof Parsons (1951; Parsons Shils 1951). In general, functional role theory has focused on the characteristic behaviorsof personswho occupy social positionswithina stablesocial system. Rolesare conceived as the shared,normativeexpectationsthatprescribeand explain these behaviors. Actors in the social system have presumablybeen taughtthese normsandmay be counteduponto conformto normsfor theirown conduct and to sanction others for conformityto normsapplyingto the latter. Thus, functionalrole theorybecame a vocabularyfor describingthe differentiated partsof stable social systems as well as a vehicle for explaining why those systems are stable and how they induce conformity in participants. A recent work thatrepresentsthe thoughtof functionalrole theoryis the text as by Bates.

Free Essays on Era Of Good Feelings

A great surge in national pride characterized the period from 1812 to 1824 known as the â€Å"Era of Good Feelings†. In the years before the war of 1812, social and economic differences between the North and the South led to sectionalism. The South was an agrarian society while the North developed an industrial society. The surge in national pride developed for many reasons. Military pride resulted from the defeat of the British at the Battle of New Orleans, and Monroe’s policies toward other countries as he stated in the Monroe Doctrine. The Hartford Convention helped to unify the country by developing the one party system. The establishment of the tariffs, the bringing back of the national bank and internal improvement were all part of the development of the American system. This was an important development in the surge of nationalism experienced in â€Å"The Era of Good Feelings†. Another development which contributed to a feeling of nationalism was the growth of American culture. Literature and lifestyle changes contributed to this cultural development. Also the Supreme Court worked to strengthen control over interstate commerce. These events drew people together as a nation and sparked the pride and cultural identification that typifies this era. Achievements in military also led to a feeling of nationalism. Some of the effects of the war of 1812 were respect by other powers and a sense of confidence in the government. The war brought the states together in a stronger nation because of the military achievements. The battle of Baltimore led to the writing of the National Anthem. Francis Scott Key witnessed the battle from a nearby boat in the harbor after being captured by the British. The bursting of gunfire over the harbor inspired him to write â€Å"The Star Spangled Banner†. The Monroe Doctrine declared that the U.S. opposed any further colonization within the Americas by European powers or any attempt to influence th... Free Essays on Era Of Good Feelings Free Essays on Era Of Good Feelings A great surge in national pride characterized the period from 1812 to 1824 known as the â€Å"Era of Good Feelings†. In the years before the war of 1812, social and economic differences between the North and the South led to sectionalism. The South was an agrarian society while the North developed an industrial society. The surge in national pride developed for many reasons. Military pride resulted from the defeat of the British at the Battle of New Orleans, and Monroe’s policies toward other countries as he stated in the Monroe Doctrine. The Hartford Convention helped to unify the country by developing the one party system. The establishment of the tariffs, the bringing back of the national bank and internal improvement were all part of the development of the American system. This was an important development in the surge of nationalism experienced in â€Å"The Era of Good Feelings†. Another development which contributed to a feeling of nationalism was the growth of American culture. Literature and lifestyle changes contributed to this cultural development. Also the Supreme Court worked to strengthen control over interstate commerce. These events drew people together as a nation and sparked the pride and cultural identification that typifies this era. Achievements in military also led to a feeling of nationalism. Some of the effects of the war of 1812 were respect by other powers and a sense of confidence in the government. The war brought the states together in a stronger nation because of the military achievements. The battle of Baltimore led to the writing of the National Anthem. Francis Scott Key witnessed the battle from a nearby boat in the harbor after being captured by the British. The bursting of gunfire over the harbor inspired him to write â€Å"The Star Spangled Banner†. The Monroe Doctrine declared that the U.S. opposed any further colonization within the Americas by European powers or any attempt to influence th...

Analysis of Anaesthetic Nursing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Analysis of Anaesthetic Nursing - Research Paper Example Since nurses have to play a significant role in the patients’ care, tactfulness, knowledge, experience in handling an emergency situation, discretion, judgment, alertness, and empathy on their part are very important for overall efficiency in treatment to the patients. Evidence-based anesthesia nursing practice calls for placing more emphasis on literature evidence than scientific studies for enhancing the expertise in the field of anesthesia. For use of current evidence in providing care to the patients, it is essential to analyze the existing evidence in terms of definition of the problem, applications used to overcome the problems, methods adopted, reliability of the evidences used for the study, clinical trials, surveys, expert opinions or case reports and applicability of the evidences to the present case for formulating strategies and implementation by establishing standards. Evolution of Anaesthetic nursing Though Nightingale’s ideology is considered as the start ing point for modern nursing, the theoretical basis for nursing has evolved later in history. Frederic Hewitt’s textbook on Anaesthetics and their Administration in 1893 was an important milestone in training in the field of anesthesia (Scurr, 1971, p. 275). Ether and chloroform had been used as anesthetic agents for a long time as they were effective and fast. A patient â€Å"under ether, sinks into a calm and dreamless sleep† and surgery is performed successfully without suffering pain, but â€Å"the danger in breathing ether is chiefly from impeded or failing respiration† (Cheever, 1884, p. 509). However, after the advent of advanced and safer inhalation anesthetic agents, the use of ether and chloroform has been gradually stopped. Chloroform was widely used as an anesthetic agent. However, it was later found that it caused cardiac problems to the patients and abandoned also due to its toxic properties. Brandy, opium, and cocaine were used as anesthetics thro ughout the world in various countries. There is a number of derivatives such as amylocaine and procaine that are cocaine based. Regulations and standardization in different countries brought control over their manufacturing and use. Opioid compounds have been used in the treatment of pain for a long time in medical history due to its analgesic effects. Opiate-based drugs like Codeine and Hydrocodone have been used as pain killers. These drugs have addictive properties which lead to dependence on these drugs. Morphine is a widely used opiate analgesic drug and regarded as a standard analgesic. The advent of morphine which could be injected hypodermically changed the course of anaesthesiology completely. Diamorphine called a heroine used to treat severe pain can also be administered intravenously. Nitrous oxide is commonly used in dentistry as inhalation analgesia. It is considered effective and safe to provide moderate sedation. It is effective as a general anesthesia for suppressing all sensations. It should be cautiously used in some cases like schizophrenia or pregnancy. â€Å"Nitrous oxide (N2O) has been used for about 150 years in clinical anesthesia.  Ã‚  

Organisational Change Consultancy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Organisational Change Consultancy - Case Study Example It is such problems that contribute to the tarnishing of Toyota’s reputation, especially concerning the safety issue (Mark, 2010). These defects also contributed to more than 50 deaths globally, and since customers prefer an assurance of their goods, Toyota Company could pay dearly for such defects. For instance, customers around the world may lose their trust in the Toyota brand and opt for another brand that is more effective and with less or no defects. Another arising issue is the April threat by Toyota’s union members to fight the cuts on their shifts by half, following the disaster in Japan. Nevertheless, the company sees the need for these cuts due to the heavy losses incurred after Japan’s tsunami and earthquake in March (Donovan, 2011). Employment levels would also be reduced by half, O’Brien (2010) reports in an interview on the state of Toyota following the recalling process of over a million vehicles. In her report, Toyota has always based thei r brands on quality and reliability, to the extent of many clients preferring used Toyota vehicles due to their effectiveness over the years. However, with the recent questions on Toyota’s effectiveness due to various noted defects, it is likely to have a major impact on its market. Some of these results would include stiff competition from Ford and General Motors, which are some of the competitors in the motor industry. According to Willacy (2010), Toyota Company suggested that it would cease production temporarily in Britain and France following sales decrease, as a result of the worldwide safety recalls on their vehicles. The recall of over a million of their vehicles had a negative impact on their sales; hence, a quick action was required. This followed lawsuits from the United States clients who sued the Japan automaker company over the Toyota car defects; for instance, the sticky accelerator pedals. The ongoing car recalls in Toyota could damage its brand name and decre ase its sales, as the company’s image is destroyed due to the many challenges of defaults that heave occurred over the past few years. In the United States, Toyota’s market has deteriorated; however, based on this year’s projections, Toyota expects higher returns in Japan, Russia, and Asia (DBRS, 2011). Nevertheless, the Toyota company as a whole faces a lot of challenges in its various branches; for instance, in Australia, over 3000 employees went on strike demanding promotion and the cease of the proposed wage cut on their salary, as the workers have not received wage increase since April 2010, (Bryne & O’Connor, 2011). Toyota Tsusho Corporation controls operations for Toyota distributors and retailers in seven countries, whilst assisting in distribution for Toyota vehicles and parts to variety of distributors. Toyota Tsusho has worked hand in hand with Toyota Motor Company to become the leading automotive company. Therefore, most challenges that face t he parent Toyota Company also affect Toyota Tsusho and its subsidiaries as well. Nevertheless, supply has been interrupted due to the Japanese earthquake and tsunami disasters early this year. For Toyota Tsusho to enhance its business in the south pacific, certain changes have to be made. Change Management Plan According to Queensland government, (N.d, p1), change management plan contributes the required flexibility, since it is designed to satisfy the needs of the organization. The change management

Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Strategy - Essay Example sion plan the company also took a strategic decision to reassess its standard shop formats and sizes from 7000 sq ft to more economical 2400-4200 sqft range outlets. Evidence indicating that these strategies are effective can be identified in the sales increase of over $ 185 million during the period of 1995 – 2001 since the implementation of new strategy. The profits too had reached a record of $ 14.75 million in 2001 from $4 million in 1995.The number of outlets have increased from a total of 88 in 1995 to 174 by 2001. Franchisee outlets have grown from 40 to 111 during this period. The financial performance of the company has been rather unstable over the past 5 years with losses and profits resulting in alternative years. However the year 2000 and 2001 has indicated steady growth with losses being converted to profits. Own outlet sales account for over 70% while franchisee income represent 3%. 26% of the income is from mixes and equipment sales. The most profitable part of the business is the Franchising operation where the GP margin is 62%. The other two business units generate 15% GP. The company’s financial performance during past two years has been outstanding with earnings per share jumping to $ 0.60 in 2001. The sales revenue has grown by 37% in 2001 while net income has grown by 147% over year 2000. This $ 8.76 million net income growth is also facilitated by the reduced interest costs of about $ 1 million for the year 2001 as a result of IPO funding relieving the company of its costly capital borrowings. The statement â€Å" The numbers just d on’t work† has been made pertaining to the company’s targeted 20% sales growth vs. 25% growth in earnings for the year 2002. The statement cannot be supported with the current evidence, as it is most likely that the company will be in a position to achieve such forecasts. The additional 5% growth in earnings are likely to come from reduced costs through increased sales per existing outlets as well as cost

A Theory On Nation Building Politics Essay

A Theory On Nation Building Politics Essay There are different theories of nation-building and state-building that explain how a state and nation should be built. Most of the theories take their point of departure from Western models of state that is often inappropriate for African countries.  [1]   Nation-building has emerged in 19th century from nationalism in Italy and Germany and continued by external actors in post-WWII  [2]  in Germany and Japan. However, it is difficult to speak about nation-building in those two countries, as their nations; with strong cultural and ethnic bonds, already existed and focused more on building of democratic institutions. The conditions for nation-building, including homogeneity of the population, were much more positive than they are in Africa.  [3]  Due to this fact, this model is insufficient to explain the complexity of the situation in Somalia. Therefore we have decided to use a theory that encompasses also importance of element of nation, national identity and its integrity together with state-building. On the one hand, nation-building is a process of socio-political development. This, at least ideally, shall bring loosely linked communities together, becoming one society. This process can start off of political, economical, social, cultural or other reasons. As this process can involve extremely different dimensions, positively (economical integration) as well as negatively (repressions like ethnic cleansing) it is not clear that nation-building actually is successful.  [4]   On the other hand, it is a political objective as well as a strategy. This means that either internal or external players try to create a system that is constituted under a nation-state. Then, the term nation-building has a rather programmatic or conceptional character and cannot be used for analysing the political and social process. Therefore, this objective or strategy is mainly used in a development strategy in order to serve nation-building.  [5]   However different these two definitions are, there are three core elements counting for both: integrative ideology, integration of a society and development of a functional state (state-building). For a successful nation-building, this results in a triangle, Hippler argues, having state-building, social integration and ideological legitimacy at its corners, of which all corners need to be fulfilled. Some aspects of the elements can be introduced and provided from outside, while others can only be built from inside, such as ideological legitimacy.  [6]  Now we will describe different element in their theoretical perspective. Integrative ideology To begin with, there is a need to stem from an integrative ideology in order to build up a national feeling and give the people, through this, a national identity. Therefore, a common ground for all different groups in this emerging nation needs to be found. This could be, for example, religion, language or history. Obviously, the more in common, the bigger is the chance to build up one society. It is important to state, that, in this case, ideology should be understood in neutral terms as systems of thought and fundamental philosophies that explain the past, present and future according to certain value models.  [7]  When we look closer on the national identity, we can find several definitions. We have decided to connect two of them theoretically. One describes modern approach critically and It is also very important that this ideology comprises ideas applicable to everyone and idea of national cohesion must be stronger than the idea of separation.  [8]  Connecting ideology with national identity, different people have their own individual identities. As long as the primary identity and loyalty lies with the tribe, clan or an ethnic or ethnoreligious group and the national identity level remains subordinate or missing, a nation-state will continue to be precarious.  [9]   Crucial role in the formation of nation is played by government, elite or ruler. There are different criteria that government has to meet in the process of nation-building. First of all, government has to examine what has been done in the past, to be able to make people believe in better future. For example if the collapsed ruling regime left people hurt and full of distrust in the government, this fact has to be taken into considerations when building a nation. Therefore confidence in state institutions destroyed  [10]  should be prognosis for better future. Another influential element is population actually has to be willing to cooperate, to be motivated in creating, supporting and shaping the nation.  [11]  Finally, concept of nation has to fulfill different criteria in the perception of the people: centrality and extent nation-building shouldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦occupy a central position in peoples everyday political and social lives?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ association with other issues on the agenda connecting with the experiences of the target groups narrative familiarity flexibility and openness to change With clever policies and respect for the differences between different social groups in the nation, government can successfully develop a strong national identity and nation-building process. Integration of society Integration of society in the nation is very important element of nation-building. In post-colonial states it is usually understood in connection with democracy and third wave of democratisation. The nation-building was accompanied by high expectations from the West and in many post-colonial countries different ethnic groups are gaining meaning in the changing institutional system.  [12]   Generally, we define three models of national unity, that will help us to understand how in divided societies nation-building can take place. Those are: Imperium, Culturally homogenous nation of modern age and Pluricultural integration. In the imperium, there is a set hierarchy, while religion is dominated by the ruling elite. There is no necessary desire for unified culture and communication. Integration is achieved through differences.  [13]  Looking at culturally homogenous nation of modern age, we can see patterns of secularisation keeping culture and religion apart from the state. Culture of the majority or elite is, again, supported. Nation-building processes are underpinned by regulated norms.  [14]  In the last model, the pluricultural integration, minorities are oppressed and discriminated and have to struggle for recognition of their rights. This is mostly a case in multi-ethnic and multi-lingual societies that are taking account of cultural and religious diversity .  [15]   The evolution of democracy in developing countries is challenging and demands of different ethnic leaders make processes of nation-building in these countries even more fragile. But very important fact that there are efforts for building new architecture of democracy  [16]  That means that there are bigger emphasis on the ethnicity and ethnic equality and therefore these ideas counteract centralist/assimilatory tendencies  [17]  Four democratic innovations for states in inner conflict concordance, local representation, federalism and cultural autonomy. Concordance is a model that allows representatives of all important groups to participate in the political decision-making process  [18]  , offering large variety of institutional forms. Advantage of this form is creation of coalitions, where different groups have to cooperate to reach their goals. This model is of use when there is no strong majority to rule, because otherwise there is no need for coalition. Local representation represents most diverse representation of minorities possible  [19]  . It is also significant in the way that minorities are usually represented by their own representatives. In the elections, ethnic groups are finding coalitions and ways to cooperate and to enforce their interests. However, this model can deepen ethnic differences and policies might be strongly influences by individual ethnic interests instead of the ones of whole society.  [20]   Federalism offers different groups equal power but also identical rules to be followed. Groups deal with their matters individually, what makes system more flexible, decentralized and minorities more secure. On the other side, there is a danger of secession, where demands for greater autonomy can be continually rising.  [21]  FIND MORE The last model, cultural autonomy, is very focused to preserve and strengthen the identity of minorities  [22]  . There is emphasis on local languages and religions that are also considered to be official languages. That gives minorities ability to take care of their affairs individually, but on the other side, to deepen the differences between the groups (might not be an issue deals with minority language, legal pluralism) However, although state-building being a part of nation-building, it is important to distinguish between both of them: While state-building is focused only on building state institutions etc. a functional state apparatus nation-building is in many states a pre-requirement needed to be fulfilled before.  [23]  Especially in European countries, where a national identity already exists, only the state needs to be built around it. We can also observe this phenomenon, when we look upon the history of the modern (and in this case European) nation-state, where first a nation existed from which then a nation-state emerged. In post-colonial countries, in opposite, demarcations were made by the former colonial powers on interest lines and not according to ethnic groups, tribes or similar communities. This means in many cases, that a country either includes many different ethnic groups with different backgrounds, or that one ethnic group is spread in more than one country. This leads to arguments how a state should be governed and, through this, to weak states or weak state institutions. The political elements contain the nation-state and a high level of social mobilisation and political integration, which are, although not the central elements, some of the most important. Therefore, methods like material incentives (e.g. public service employment), cultural means (e.g. educational system and language policy) and compulsion need to be applied. Furthermore, when a government is finally introduced, it needs to consolidate its own position in the society.  [24]   The social mobility also needs to be built up, either in a bottom-up or top-down model. This implements that all members of society need to be involved, especially in the political and ideological process of shaping the nation. This is often a big change, as most weak states were formerly governed by only one part of the society which excluded/repressed the rest of the population. As everyone is supposed to participate, in this period of time, at least some democratic dialogue will take place. However, it is possible that the newly formed nation will in this dialogue agree on some authoritarian or totalitarian form of governance.  [25]   In this dialogue of constituting a nation, dormant conflicts will wake up, especially in the former excluded part of society. This might turn out to be more serious, when it is not clear who belongs to the nation. The problem arises especially, when the conflict is ethnically motivated (for instance because of the language or religion). Then, nation-building easily becomes repressive and lowers the social participation in the political discourse. There is also a need for the redistribution of power: old social and political structures will be (need to be?) destroyed, while new ones will be built up. This means, that, where local governments had most power, Hippler argues, a centralised government with a good local anchoring might be an advantage, as this ensures that new persons will take over.  [26]   As nation-building needs at least to some extend external help, especially in regards of providing security and building up a functioning infrastructure, the countrys government either needs to invite the international community, or this needs to intervene.  [27]  However, as the states of the international community will only act in a failing state if they see some advantage in it, there needs to be a trigger. This trigger could be for economic (the intervention of the USA to Iraq in 2003), security (the intervention of the NATO to Afghanistan in 2001) or for political and historical reasons (the intervention of the NATO in the Former Yugoslavian Republics in the 1990s).  [28]   The goal for intervening is not or not primarily nation-building; it needs to be seen as a necessity for reaching another goal. For example did the USA plan to leave Iraq after half a year and only realised after the end of the (official) war that it will take several years to build a nation and rebuild institutions.  [29]  This explains, why nation-building in many cases is only improvised, incontinent and lacks of preparation, as the war does not only destroy the balance of power in the intervened country but also entails a clash of power politics between internal and external players.  [30]  As it is the interference into the domestic politics of another country, Ignatieff stresses, nation-building has also imperial approaches.  [31]  A shift in the international discourse about an allowance of these imperial actions by putting them in the UN charter is discussed in the international community, as there is no dominant public position. But there can also be external efforts to internal nation-building that can be very helpful for the built state. A good example therefore was the nation-building in Afghanistan with the help of the USSR. Here, processes are supported from outside with positive efforts in political, social, security-policy and other domains. This is also possible in countries with different political embedding. However, then there is a greater emphasis on development and peace policies, although also other aid can be provided for a long term stabilisation.  [32]   In the case of external efforts for internal nation-building, it is important to see for the intervening state that often an area of conflict arises between the internal processes promoted and the often contradictory political objectives.  [33]   Internal nation-building should promote human rights, social equalisation, good governance and participative democracy. Imperial nation-building must recreate a nation-state and sometimes even the corresponding society. The desire to bring this about external players is the creation of an enormous dimension. However, the external governments are often not entirely conscientious of their action as they want/need to work economically and have a limited budget, while recreating a whole nation-state is financially very expensive, takes a lot of time it is calculated to take one or two generations, and is very personnel-intensive. If the intervening countries cannot fulfil these variables fully, they are likely to fail. This mostly happens in a change of government, what most likely occurs during the time frame of such an operation.  [34]   There are several fundamental problems that easily arise by imperial nation-building, meaning that one country intervenes another one and then rebuilds the nation:  [35]   Firstly, at the intervention but also throughout the whole process, there is a security problem: Usually, there is no real army to fight against, or it is just one part, but as the country is fragmented, the war is as well: Opponents are often warlords, terrorists and militias which fighters can be hardly recognised from civilians. Furthermore, their buildings are closely linked to civilians and common living spaces.(quote?) However, an army is only prepared to fight against clearly recognisable enemies and has in this case either only little power or civilian causalities need to be acceptable. The latter is usually not an option, as this is not only problematic in terms of ethics and international law but also contradictory to the overall aim, as the local people would not understand it. The second problem is the political problem of local rulers and warlords: As security is one of the major aims, for the intervening power as well as for the local population, a cooperation on the spot is often implemented. This can easily contradict to the aim of nation-building, because it usually means a cooperation with old local structures which are usually meant to be disband or with the use of other local power structures, militias, warlords and even criminal gangs as auxiliary troops. This was done by actors such as the UN (cooperation with a militia in Kosovo) and the USA (cooperation with warlords is Afghanistan and Iraq) for different interests: On the one hand, these auxiliary troops often find support in the local population and are therefore helpful, on the other hand they are potential enemies which are, at least for the time of cooperation, eliminated. This cooperation is built upon the proliferation of weapons and money towards these troops. But especially the latter becomes a problem in the further process. When peace and order are established, warlords, militias, etc. are supposed to be disarmed, what is very risky and needs a lot of money as well as personnel. A third fundamental problem is the question of resources: As already stated earlier, a nation-building process usually takes several years, a lot of money and personnel. The expected numbers are usually topped by the actual needs. A good example for this is the US intervention in Iraq, now going on for seven years instead of a supposed short-term mission by using almost double of the costs calculated.  [36]   Fourth, there is the internal political factor of the intervening state for a long term commitment. Especially in the Western world, the sense of the mission in regards of financial and human costs will be questioned after a short time. Also, due to the rise of interventions after the end of the Cold War, many states reach their military capacities by supporting one or two nation respective state-buildings (e.g. Germany with its soldiers in Kosovo and Afghanistan, the USA being in Iraq on top of its other operations). As a fifth fundamental problem, there should be mentioned conflicts of objective and means, as there is most often a conflict between the interest in actual nation-building and the interest of control. The latter needs certainly be focused on security reasons, because it can otherwise fall apart easily. In this context, nation-building becomes a means for social and political control of the country. That means that it is not any more an objective but becomes an instrument for other purposes. This comes, according to Hippler, down to three points describing the goals of imperial nation-building: [] (i) an emphasis on military, police and intelligence resources [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦]; (ii) appropriate infrastructure measures [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] and (iii) strictly regulated democratisation and participation possibilities in order to include local political forces in the administration of the country and be better accepted among the public at large [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦].  [37]   The opposite of imperial nation-building is non-imperial or development policy nation-building. Its biggest argument is that nation-building must not be seen as a blueprint of Western democracies which shall be projected on Third World countries, including economy and democratic institutions; being also a major reason for the failure in Afghanistan. Rather it should have a sound and workable concept that suits the countrys nation to be built. An example for failing on this context is the Iraq, where the USA did not have a suitable plan at all.  [38]   Best prospects nation-building has when fulfilling certain functions for the society affected. These should be articulated by socio-economic and political groups. However, nation-building is less likely to be affective after current crises, as the society is already too split. Easier it is when the society is not split yet, meaning usually a solution before a crisis starts off. While for the latter a short-term solution is likely to solve the prospects of nation-building, the former means because of the great experience of violence a more important role of control and security for the (re-)integration of society. When talking about integration, the question of a targeted disintegration may arise in the sense of ethnic cleaning in order of building separate nation states. A central argument of supporters of this thought is that in countries where is, due to e.g. a genocide, only little chance of an integration of the enemy factions and that it is close to impossible to bring integration if not wanted by any of the parties. Opponents may reply that greater trouble will occur by displacing people what definitely would need to happen in border regions, but is also likely to happen in other regions. A separation would neither solve the problem entirely as the factions are like to start a new war afterwards.  [39]   Nation-building is a painful, contradictory and complex process which promises only success, when the affected populations living standards are improved and the population connects it to nation-building. If the living circumstances stay the same in the long term it is perceived to be artificial and more and more opposition will rise. However, over a short term, nation-building is tolerated when it arouses hope for the future instead of actually bringing improvements.  [40]   As a starting point, the new nation must have the feeling that the new nation-state is and will be capable of solving problems in the populations interest. This normally includes economic and socio-political components such as a safeguarding food supply, healthcare, jobs and accommodation, but should also contain personal security and infrastructure. But cultural symbols are for the integration of a nation equally important.  [41]   Another step to be made in connection to the improvement of living standards is the implementation of politicostructural changes. An optimal starting point for these are the internal cultural and political conditions in the newly built nation. However, although it should create the prerequisites of it equality, a fair fiscal system, education, etc., it should not form democracy itself.  [42]  

Capitol Punishment Essay :: essays research papers

An often-heated debate is that of capitol punishment. This is tricky subject though since so many people have troubles deciding for themselves where to draw the line with their morals. Some people say that killing in any form is absolutely wrong. Some people agree that killing is wrong, however, if one person kills another it is what they deserve. Both views are quite respectable. The Old Testament does in fact say â€Å"an eye for an eye.† Thus, the punishment should fit the crime. If a person sees fit to take another person’s life away from them, theirs should also be revoked. People that act and kill like animals should be treaded the same way, and put to sleep like dogs that are vicious. The death penalty does not apply to people. People have hearts and souls and emotion. This penalty only applies to heartless, savage animals. A quote from a famous song is â€Å"a boy who kills has no heart, a boy who kills can not love†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Thus, anyone who has neither heart nor the capability of love should be put to death because they are no use to society. Also, this is only a punishment for those who have murdered. These convicts, though the do not deserve it, are killed in the most humane way possible. They are killed by lethal injection. In the past ten years nearly five hundred men have been executed in the United States. All these were puni shment for murder. The American policy on executions is far more civilized that some other countries, in which death is the punishment for drunk driving or use of illegal drugs. Firing squads, gas chambers, and hangings are pretty much never used any more, however electrocution is still used solely in two states. Those two states do not even give the option of lethal injection. Families often call for the death penalty because their sibling/child had no right to die. Since this person took their life, the family should have the right to lawfully take the murder’s life. However, life in prison is not enough, because they have an opportunity to leave on parole, and the thought of these murderous monsters being released into society again horrifies these families, thus they call for execution. On the other side of the spectrum, killing is immoral and wrong in every way shape or form. How does your point get across not to kill if violence is the solution to your problems?

Disney Research Paper

Taylor Adams Prof. C Comp. 1 7 November 2008 Disney â€Å"All our dreams can come true, if we have the courage to pursue them† (Disney). This famous quote was made by a enormous dreamer that has bridged the idea for one of the most successful companies in the world. Walt Disney, theme parks, movies, jobs, and many other attributes make up this gigantic company. Walter Elias Disney was born on December 5, 1901 in Chicago Illinois and died on December 15, 1966 in Los Angeles California. Walt’s father, Elias Disney, was an Irish-Canadian and his mother, Flora Call Disney, was German-American.Disney was born into a family of five where he was one of the four boys and one girl. While Walt was being brought up on a farm he learned his interest in drawing. After this discovery he contributed to his school paper in Chicago with his artsy talents and during the night he attended the Academy of Fine Arts. During 1918 Disney enlisted in the military but was reject so then joined t he Red Cross as an ambulance driver but never gave up his interest in drawing. When he returned to Kansas City he started his career as an advertising cartoonist where his business grew little by little.On July 13, 1925 Walt married Lillian Bounds who was one of his employees. After their marriage they had two daughters, Diane and Sharron. Both of their daughter’s husbands where greatly involved with the Disney company, holding the positions of chief executive officer and a board of director. In 1928, Walt brought to life the most important character of the company Disney, Mickey Mouse. After Mickey was born opportunities broke out for everything. Walt Disney left the door open for billions of ideas that in turn making billions of families happy day in and day out around the globe.The most entertaining idea of the Disney company for people of all ages to have a good time is at its theme parks. The first park that was opened in 1965 in Orlando Florida was called EPCOT, standin g for Experimental Prototype Community Of Tomorrow. This theme park is primarily based on all the different countries uniting together. When first walking into EPCOT a guest will see the favorite attraction, a huge white globe that looks like a golf ball, which inside is a ride that shows how our country have evolved. Around the lake in the back guests can visit different buildings which look like a guest is actually in the country.The countries include Germany, China, Japan, America, Norway, France, Ireland, England, and Mexico. Other amusing rides that EPCOT holds are Mission Space, Test Track, Finding Nemo, and several more. Another one of the six theme parks in Orlando is Magic Kingdom which opened, October 1, 1971. This park includes the famous, Cinderella Castle where Mickey and his friends put on shows hourly and Tinker Bell, another famous character flies from the top to the ground while a spectacular fireworks show goes off. Attractions include Pirates of the Caribbean, Sno w White, Thunder Mountain, Space Mountain, and plenty of other forms of entertainment.Hollywood Studios opened May 1, 1989. This film based theme park is any future directors dream palace or anyone else who wants to have a good time! Many attractions in this park are based on how Disney movies and shows are created. Guests can ride behind the scenes to see how these magical films come to life. The two biggest hit rides at Hollywood studios are Tower of Terror, which puts you in an elevator that brings you up several stories and drops you numerous times in the dark and Rockin Roller Coaster, which is based on the hit band Aerosmith.While doing loops and drops at high speeds on the coaster there are built in speakers that play the band’s music the entire journey. The last theme park that is not a water park is Animal Kingdom, which was established on April 22, 1998. This favorite park is combined with different continents and based on animals. The zoo-like park has many differe nt stops where you can see exotic animals. The new and biggest ride in Animal Kingdom is Mount Everest. Guests climb a huge hill while being chased by a yeti then fall backwards down it. Other enjoyable rides are the Kilimanjaro Safari and Dinosaur.Then Orlando consists of two exhilarating water parks, Blizzard Beach and Typhoon Lagoon. Blizzard Beach is based on a snowed in ski resort that has many water rides and a lazy river. The highest ride is Summit Plummet which is a body slide that guest drop directly down on. Typhoon Lagoon also has tons of attractions but the wave pool is by far the biggest and strongest around. There is also Disney parks in Tokyo, France and Los Angeles California. â€Å"You’ve got a friend in me†(Toy Story)! The next contribution to the Disney company is its’ movies. Children all around the world grow up to Walt’s creations and themes.In 1929, December 1, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was appeared in a theater in Los Angeles . People could not fabricate the fact that there was going to be a full fill that was animated and therefore had bad thoughts. Surprisingly it was a success. People were begging for more films. Hundreds of more films were made by the Disney company and still are going strong today. Some examples are The Lion King, Beauty and the Beast, The Jungle Book, and Cinderella. All of these movies tell colorful stories to children with a moral in each. Disney movies can bring families together and keep children entertained if needed.Either way of use, Disney movies are a huge part of the Disney Company. Disney movies are also tied into the theme parks. The rides are based on specific parts of special movies. â€Å"I would rather entertain and hope that people learned something than educate people and hope they were entertained†(Disney). â€Å"I'd say it's been my biggest problem all my life†¦ it's money. It takes a lot of money to make these dreams come true† (Disney). How could this successful company run without it is workers? It simply could not. The workers of this company make the magic come true for Disney guests.Opportunities for Disney jobs are sought after by many people. Various jobs are offered throughout the parks, hotels and shops that include but not limited to janitorial duties, merchandise sales, guest services, recreational workers, ride operators, bellman and valets. All employees are expected to smile and follow a specific dress code. Each specific job requires a certain outfit. Training for each job can be as short as a week and as long as a month depending on the field and difficulty. Disney is an equal opportunity employer and offer many benefits to its employees that many other businesses do not offer.Disney is very focused on the safety of its guests. Every Disney employee must go through a safety orientation that lasts approximately eight hours. Disney is opened three hundred and sixty five days a year, so employees have the o pportunity to make their own schedules and work as many hours as they need. If it was not for Walt Disney, millions of people would not have the pleasure of experiencing the magic. People have the opportunity of visiting the parks world-wide. Children and families have enjoyed the many Disney movies that have been made throughout the years whether they have visited the parks or not.The magic is made possible by the many dedicated employees that care and follow Walt Disney’s standards. Everyone should have the chance of visiting a Disney park at least once in their lifetime. Works Cited Disney, Walt. † Encyclop? dia Britannica. 2008. Encyclop? dia Britannica Online. 7   Nov. 2008 . â€Å"Walt Disney. † Biography. 7 Nov 2008 . Walt, Disney. Brainy Quotes. 28 September 2008. 7 November 2008. . Disney Research Paper Taylor Adams Prof. C Comp. 1 7 November 2008 Disney â€Å"All our dreams can come true, if we have the courage to pursue them† (Disney). This famous quote was made by a enormous dreamer that has bridged the idea for one of the most successful companies in the world. Walt Disney, theme parks, movies, jobs, and many other attributes make up this gigantic company. Walter Elias Disney was born on December 5, 1901 in Chicago Illinois and died on December 15, 1966 in Los Angeles California. Walt’s father, Elias Disney, was an Irish-Canadian and his mother, Flora Call Disney, was German-American.Disney was born into a family of five where he was one of the four boys and one girl. While Walt was being brought up on a farm he learned his interest in drawing. After this discovery he contributed to his school paper in Chicago with his artsy talents and during the night he attended the Academy of Fine Arts. During 1918 Disney enlisted in the military but was reject so then joined t he Red Cross as an ambulance driver but never gave up his interest in drawing. When he returned to Kansas City he started his career as an advertising cartoonist where his business grew little by little.On July 13, 1925 Walt married Lillian Bounds who was one of his employees. After their marriage they had two daughters, Diane and Sharron. Both of their daughter’s husbands where greatly involved with the Disney company, holding the positions of chief executive officer and a board of director. In 1928, Walt brought to life the most important character of the company Disney, Mickey Mouse. After Mickey was born opportunities broke out for everything. Walt Disney left the door open for billions of ideas that in turn making billions of families happy day in and day out around the globe.The most entertaining idea of the Disney company for people of all ages to have a good time is at its theme parks. The first park that was opened in 1965 in Orlando Florida was called EPCOT, standin g for Experimental Prototype Community Of Tomorrow. This theme park is primarily based on all the different countries uniting together. When first walking into EPCOT a guest will see the favorite attraction, a huge white globe that looks like a golf ball, which inside is a ride that shows how our country have evolved. Around the lake in the back guests can visit different buildings which look like a guest is actually in the country.The countries include Germany, China, Japan, America, Norway, France, Ireland, England, and Mexico. Other amusing rides that EPCOT holds are Mission Space, Test Track, Finding Nemo, and several more. Another one of the six theme parks in Orlando is Magic Kingdom which opened, October 1, 1971. This park includes the famous, Cinderella Castle where Mickey and his friends put on shows hourly and Tinker Bell, another famous character flies from the top to the ground while a spectacular fireworks show goes off. Attractions include Pirates of the Caribbean, Sno w White, Thunder Mountain, Space Mountain, and plenty of other forms of entertainment.Hollywood Studios opened May 1, 1989. This film based theme park is any future directors dream palace or anyone else who wants to have a good time! Many attractions in this park are based on how Disney movies and shows are created. Guests can ride behind the scenes to see how these magical films come to life. The two biggest hit rides at Hollywood studios are Tower of Terror, which puts you in an elevator that brings you up several stories and drops you numerous times in the dark and Rockin Roller Coaster, which is based on the hit band Aerosmith.While doing loops and drops at high speeds on the coaster there are built in speakers that play the band’s music the entire journey. The last theme park that is not a water park is Animal Kingdom, which was established on April 22, 1998. This favorite park is combined with different continents and based on animals. The zoo-like park has many differe nt stops where you can see exotic animals. The new and biggest ride in Animal Kingdom is Mount Everest. Guests climb a huge hill while being chased by a yeti then fall backwards down it. Other enjoyable rides are the Kilimanjaro Safari and Dinosaur.Then Orlando consists of two exhilarating water parks, Blizzard Beach and Typhoon Lagoon. Blizzard Beach is based on a snowed in ski resort that has many water rides and a lazy river. The highest ride is Summit Plummet which is a body slide that guest drop directly down on. Typhoon Lagoon also has tons of attractions but the wave pool is by far the biggest and strongest around. There is also Disney parks in Tokyo, France and Los Angeles California. â€Å"You’ve got a friend in me†(Toy Story)! The next contribution to the Disney company is its’ movies. Children all around the world grow up to Walt’s creations and themes.In 1929, December 1, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was appeared in a theater in Los Angeles . People could not fabricate the fact that there was going to be a full fill that was animated and therefore had bad thoughts. Surprisingly it was a success. People were begging for more films. Hundreds of more films were made by the Disney company and still are going strong today. Some examples are The Lion King, Beauty and the Beast, The Jungle Book, and Cinderella. All of these movies tell colorful stories to children with a moral in each. Disney movies can bring families together and keep children entertained if needed.Either way of use, Disney movies are a huge part of the Disney Company. Disney movies are also tied into the theme parks. The rides are based on specific parts of special movies. â€Å"I would rather entertain and hope that people learned something than educate people and hope they were entertained†(Disney). â€Å"I'd say it's been my biggest problem all my life†¦ it's money. It takes a lot of money to make these dreams come true† (Disney). How could this successful company run without it is workers? It simply could not. The workers of this company make the magic come true for Disney guests.Opportunities for Disney jobs are sought after by many people. Various jobs are offered throughout the parks, hotels and shops that include but not limited to janitorial duties, merchandise sales, guest services, recreational workers, ride operators, bellman and valets. All employees are expected to smile and follow a specific dress code. Each specific job requires a certain outfit. Training for each job can be as short as a week and as long as a month depending on the field and difficulty. Disney is an equal opportunity employer and offer many benefits to its employees that many other businesses do not offer.Disney is very focused on the safety of its guests. Every Disney employee must go through a safety orientation that lasts approximately eight hours. Disney is opened three hundred and sixty five days a year, so employees have the o pportunity to make their own schedules and work as many hours as they need. If it was not for Walt Disney, millions of people would not have the pleasure of experiencing the magic. People have the opportunity of visiting the parks world-wide. Children and families have enjoyed the many Disney movies that have been made throughout the years whether they have visited the parks or not.The magic is made possible by the many dedicated employees that care and follow Walt Disney’s standards. Everyone should have the chance of visiting a Disney park at least once in their lifetime. Works Cited Disney, Walt. † Encyclop? dia Britannica. 2008. Encyclop? dia Britannica Online. 7   Nov. 2008 . â€Å"Walt Disney. † Biography. 7 Nov 2008 . Walt, Disney. Brainy Quotes. 28 September 2008. 7 November 2008. .

Kristin Landeros Essays (662 words) - Economic Ideologies

Kristin Landeros Essays (662 words) - Economic Ideologies Kristin Landeros S. Gran HIST M180 Western Civilization 09/24 /2016 Industrial Revolution The industrial revolution had a great impact on Europe, especially when it comes to social and economic aspects, since they underwent a great change during the period. Still, whether the industrial revolution was positive or negative as a whole depends on if you focus on either of these two aspects. Optimists will say that it was good, and they'll focus on the favorable consequences on economy. Pessimists, however, will focus on social aspects, since society suffered a decline as to way of life. When it comes to economy, most of the consequences of the industrial revolution on it were quite positive. Wages rose, and people had enough money to buy goods. Industry developed, making it more efficient to produce products with the help of machines. These made it more profitable for industries, since work was done faster and without a need for a big human work force , thus creating mass production. It was cheap to make goods, and they were produced at a large scale, which in turn led to consumers being able to afford more products. Another thing was the creation of banks, which favored economy as they lent money to set up even more industries. Mercantilism also helped European countries, since they had a market for their goods. Also, industries were favored by the construction of better roads and canals, and with the invention of the steam engine, as well as with the construction of turnpike trusts. Goods were transported in faster, safer and cheaper ways, which had a positive effect on industry and economy. The improvement of the transport system also had positive effects on social aspects. Now that people had more money, they could use it to go on day holidays to the coast, since they could use the railroad. Improvement in transportation also eventually led to the creation of national sport leagues, as teams could move around from place to place. Another positive consequence of the improvement of transport reflected on people's diets. Fresh food could be transported faster and cheaper into urban areas, thus making it available for consumers, who, with the improvements in economy, now had money to buy it, as well as some mass produced clothes. Still, even if people had more money, standards of living didn't rise as much. To get money, people had to work for long shifts, and housing was also more expensive. This made people pack together in small houses. Over-crowding inevitably led to the quick spread of diseases and illnesses as pollution from industries and wastes filled the cities, affecting people who lived very close together. People working in the city also had bad working conditions. They worked for long shifts under unhealthy conditions, and accidents were common due to the over-tiredness of the workers after so many hours of work. Also, for a family to meet monthly expenses, children had to work. Child labo r was common, and children had harsh jobs, working all day instead of being able to go to school and get an education. Another negative consequence of the industrial revolution was the sharp increase of crime in cities. As industries and large farms prospered, small farmers and peasants suffered. Many were left without a job and thus migrated into the cities. Population increase in urban areas, however, didn't always match the increasing need for workers in industries; many people were left without a job and thus had to resort to crime to be able to survive. It is clear that the Industrial Revolution had a great impact on people's lives throughout Europe. A capitalist economy flourished, while workers suffered unhealthy conditions as they struggled to survive in a changing society. Western Civilization Seventh Edition Beyond Boundaries Volume II Si nce 1560 ) Chapter 20: The Mechanical Age ( Noble. Strauss, Osheim, Neuschel, Accam po, Roberts and Cohen 01/28/2013 )

Reading Notes Example

Reading Notes Example Reading Notes – Article Example Marketing Myopia Introduction Every business entity must be in a position of identifying the exact type of business they are involved in. Theodore Levitt (1975) courageously speaks out on why most big organizations fail along the way. It is all because they fail to understand what they are dealing with, overlook competition in the future, ignore customer needs and instead direct all the strength in selling off their products. The idea is, a successful company, in order to succeed has to concentrate more on delivering customer satisfaction than solely selling services.Management accounts for either decline or growth of any business. It is quite easy to transfer blame and attribute to other causative agents, the ideology remains. From Theodore’s description, it is evident the railway industry is at the edge of falling because the management failed to plan ahead (Levitt, 1975). There was no clear definition regarding the type of industry they were in. while the management was qui ck to overlook customer needs, the car manufacturers took up the challenge and listened to customers. Therefore, the railway industry did not fail because cars, airplanes or telephones came into existence, but because the management’s myopia was to blame. In the same line, Hollywood’s fame declined because it thought it was good at producing films instead of listening to what customers wanted; being entertained. It went ahead to reject television offers, which would have instead been a good avenue in promoting its content.Some assumptions form worst ideas for any business entity. A good number of dying organizations exhibit such conditions. Most of them have a common belief in business growth in relation to population growth, have no belief in substitutes, capitalistic in mass production and are often preoccupied with products that follow the fashion wave.ConclusionClearly as seen in Theodore’s explanation, businesses, just like human beings, gain stability by u nderstanding and listening to the inner self. A contradiction to this sets in the downfall and permanent death to business entities. It is always good to set and foresee future barriers instead of enjoying the current situation. From the reading, big companies like Hollywood and Railroad organizations failed to make accurate forecasts. This was the onset of downfall. It is essential for the management to propel success and be ready for accountability should businesses fail. Work citedLevitt Theodore. (Sep-Oct 1975). Marketing Myopia. New York: Harvard Business Press.

The Role of Class in British Cinema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Role of Class in British Cinema - Essay Example George VI was the king and he never wanted to become one. After the death of his father, his brother Edward was to take the throne but he refused to take it in order to marry the woman he loved, and thus, the duty was given to Prince Albert who since early ages, he had struggled with his speech. Albert has been the favourite of his father, but he mourns the introduction of the newspapers and radio, which necessitate a monarch to be heard and seen on public occasions. To avoid public humiliation, his wife Elizabeth seeks help from several speech therapists but nothing works. At last, a speech therapist from Australia Lionel Miguelbecomes of great assistance to Prince Albert in delivering the King’s speech(Ebert 2011, p320; Conradi and Logue 2011, p201). The paper will discuss the role of class in British cinema with special emphasis on the film The King’s Speech. Royal Politics and Its Aesthetic Value in British Cinema Film theory as it is known today came into existence in the late 1960s and since then, they have been controlled by psychoanalytic ideas. After the First World War, it was easier to identify two specific groups in film criticism. The first group was composed of the Sergei Eisenstein figure, whose theoretical essays and filmmaking in the 1920s established the beginning of the role of cinema as an aesthetic one. Based on the idea of Eisenstein, the aesthetic value of the film depended on its capability to change reality and this took the form of montage in his films. The second group was composed of the surrealists and impressionists. They were of the notion that the main role of the cinema was aesthetic; however, they were of the idea that the camera was sufficient to render general objects sublime. They emphasized on cinema as the visual medium which indicated that they considered narrative in most cases as a hindrance that had to be overcome (Murphy 2005). From 1934, British cinemas witnessed an increase in attendance among the peop le. Apart from being a source of entertainment, they assumed the crucial role in communication and social contact. British films of those times expressed the image of Britain as a very stable hierarchy at home, a just colonial government overseas and it represented the patriotic images of the armed forces and the monarchy. In general, the entire population of Britain looked happy with the films that were offered in the 1930s and those films assisted in the maintenance of the status quo and consensus. An important demographic feature of Britain in the 1930 was the steady ascendancy of the middle class. A number of films were based on this status quo (Redner 2010, p138). The Kings Speech setting is in the 1930s and represents what films at those times attempted to represent, that is, the role of class in the British Cinema. Universal agreement on a clear concept of class in cinema is elusive due to the various socioeconomic and political interactions that cinema, as an important media channel makes with the society. However, the transposition of the various usages of class in other disciplines onto cinema studies enables the generation of ideas with respect to cinema class. Using the Eisenstein theoretical postulates, cinema presents the audience with a chance to view of reality artistically coined to achieve the intended aesthetic value (Murphy 2005). Thematic

Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing - Essay Example Either way, each person needs to look at the facts and decide for themselves if the treatment is worthy or worthless. Understanding exactly what EMDR is and how it works is needed before being able to make an informed decision as to whether it works or not. Developed in 1989 by Francine Shapiro, the concept was that by focusing on a traumatic event while either refocusing on following an object causing eye movement, tapping, or touching an object over time would alleviate the stress and traumatic feelings associated with the memory (Kitchiner, Roberts, & Bisson, 2006). The eye movement was supposed to refocus the memory or desensitize it and reprocess with a new positive affirmation or memory (Devilly, 2005; Karatzias, Power, McGoldrick, Brown, Buchanan, Sharp, et al, 2007; Kitchiner et al, 2006; Lee, Taylor, & Drummond, 2006; Taylor, Thordarson, Fedoroff, Maxfield, Lovell, & Ogrodniczuk, 2003). Much research has been conducted in regard to this therapy and there seems to be no middle ground in the fall out of the results. People either believe the treatment works or not. Proponents of EDMR have conducted studies, both observational and empirical and have found that the rapid eye movement is an investigatory action which is known to help disassociate the patient from the traumatic memory.