Effect of Reducing Agents on the Growth of Magnetospirilla

Impact of Reducing Agents on the Growth of Magnetospirilla Shubhashri Chakraborthy, Pauline Shekina, Upasana Dey and Suthindhiran Krish Conceptual: Magnetotactic Bacteria are an interesting gathering of microorganisms. Magnetospirilla is a microaerophilic bacterium. The impact of diminishing specialists fluctuates with the cell relying upon the properties of the reagent. They additionally produce diverse redox possibilities which power a substrate to follow explicit metabolic pathway so as to change the item or pace of the response. So it is fundamental to consider the impact of lessening operators on the development of Magnetospirilla. Two strains of this bacterium, MSR-1 and RJS-1 were chosen for the investigation. Lessening specialists like Ascorbic Acid, Cysteine and Glutathione were set up in different fixations and the microorganisms were refined. The perfect centralization of the diminishing specialists required for the development of these two strains was recognized. Glutathione at the focus 0.250mg/ml is seen as perfect for the development of MSR-1 and Cysteine at the grouping of 0.250mg/ml is seen as perfect for the de velopment of RJS-1 strain of Magnetospirilla Watchwords: Magnetotactic microbes; Ascorbic Acid; Cysteine; Glutathione; Reducing operators. Presentation: Magnetotactic microorganisms (orMTB) are aâ polyphyleticâ group ofâ bacteria that situate along themagnetic field lines of Earth’s attractive field with the assistance of organelles called magnetosomes. Magnetosomes are iron precious stones of magnetite or greigite. The development of microorganisms in light of the attractive attributes of the earth is known asâ magnetotaxis. Numerous endeavors have been made to streamline the development states of MTB.[4] Magnetospirilla are facultative anaerobic attractive bacterium. Diminishing operators can have totally different consequences for the microbial cells relying upon the properties of the reagent and of the properties of the cell itself. Diminishing operators can create distinctive redox possibilities which may be power a substrate to follow a particular metabolic pathway so as to change the rate or result of the reaction.[6] Previous investigations indicated that changing the redox condition had a solid effect in the uses of Magnetospirilla. Subsequently we considered the impact of various diminishing operators at various focuses on the development of Magnetospirilla. Materials and Methods: Refined the microscopic organisms Two strains of Magnetospirilla, MSR-1 (DSMZ, Germany) and RJS-1(Marine Biotechnology Lab, VIT University) were developed in fluid Magnetic Spirillum Growth Medium (MSGM).[1] A supply of 500ml of the MSGM media was set up without lessening operators and Resazurin. 7ml of the media were moved in little vials and it was cleansed with nitrogen gas for 3 minutes to give microaerophilic condition. The vials were fixed with butyl elastic septa and aluminum focus holed tops. These vials were autoclaved at 121 °C for 15 minutes. Stock arrangement of the decreasing specialists Ascorbic Acid, Cysteine, Glutathione and Sodium Sulfide (10mg/10ml) were arranged and channel cleaned. Warmth touchy materials, for example, nutrients were additionally channel sanitized. 70î ¼l of separated nutrient arrangement and 14î ¼l of sifted ferric quinate arrangement were taken in sterile eppendorf tubes. Various centralizations of decreasing specialists (0.125mg/ml, 0.250mg/ml, 0.375mg/ml and 0.500mg/ml) we re additionally taken in the eppendorf tubes containing the nutrient and ferric quinate arrangements. Utilizing sterile needles and syringes these arrangements were moved into the vials. These vials were hatched at 37 °C in a shaker. Checking the development of the microscopic organisms The development of the microscopic organisms were watched utilizing spectrophotometer. Optical Density (OD) was taken at 595nm in 24, 26, 29, 38, 44 and 48 hours of hatching. The qualities are plotted in chart to locate the greatest development rate. Results and Discussion: A diagram was plotted against time in hours and the OD esteems taken for various groupings of lessening operators. Figure 1. Diagram indicating the development of Magnetospirilla (MSR-1) at different groupings of Ascorbic Acid. The development of MSR-1 was most extreme at the fixation 0.500mg/ml of Ascorbic corrosive. Figure 2. Chart demonstrating the development of Magnetospirilla (MSR-1) at different centralizations of Cysteine. The development of MSR-1 was most extreme at the focuses 0.250mg/ml of Cysteine. Figure 3. Chart indicating the development of Magnetospirilla (MSR-1) at different groupings of Glutathione. The development of MSR-1 was most extreme at the fixation 0.250mg/ml of Glutathione. Figure 4. Chart demonstrating the development of Magnetospirilla (MSR-1) at different convergences of Sodium Sulfide. The development of MSR-1 was greatest at the fixation 0.500mg/ml of Sodium Sulfide. Contrasting all the OD esteems the development of MSR-1 was most extreme at the fixation 0.250mg/ml of Glutathione. Figure 5. Diagram demonstrating the development of Magnetospirilla (RJS-1) at different convergences of Ascorbic Acid. The development of RJS-1 was most extreme at the focus 0.375mg/ml of Ascorbic Acid. Figure 6. Chart indicating the development of Magnetospirilla (RJS-1) at different groupings of Cysteine. The development of RJS-1 was most extreme at the fixation 0.250mg/ml of Cysteine. Figure 7. Diagram indicating the development of Magnetospirilla (RJS-1) at different centralizations of Glutathione. The development of RJS-1 was most extreme at the fixation 0.375mg/ml of Glutathione. Figure 8. Chart demonstrating the development of Magnetospirilla (RJS-1) at different centralizations of Sodium Sulfide. The development of RJS-1 was greatest at the fixation 0.500mg/ml of Sodium Sulfide. Looking at all the OD esteems the development of RJS-1 was most extreme at the fixation 0.250mg/ml of Cysteine. Our investigations indicated that ideal grouping of diminishing specialists demonstrated expanded development. At the point when the convergence of diminishing specialists is expanded further it represses the development in light of poisonousness. Ideal grouping of decreasing specialists diminishes the slack time and improves the cell thickness. End: There are numerous other diminishing operators which are utilized for developing different types of Magnetotactic microorganisms. From the outcomes we got it is recommended that Glutathione at the focus 0.250mg/ml is perfect for the development of MSR-1 and Cysteine at the centralization of 0.250mg/ml is perfect for the development of RJS-1 strain of Magnetospirilla. References: [1] Blakemore R P, Maratea D and Wolfe R S, â€Å"Isolation and Pure Culture of a Freshwater Magnetic Spirillum in Chemically Defined Medium,† Journal of Bacteriology, 140(2), 720, 1979. [2] Cody Nash, â€Å"Mechanisms and Evolution of Magnetotactic Bacteria,† 2008. [3] Damien Faivre and Dirk Schuler, â€Å"Magnetotactic Bacteria and Magnetosomes,† Chem.Rev, 108, 4875â€4898, 2008. [4] John F. Stolz, â€Å" Magnetosomes,† Journal of General Microbiology, 139, 1663-1670,1993. [5] Tadashi Matsunaga and Toshifumi Sakaguchi, â€Å" Molecular Mechanism of Magnet Formation in Bacteria,† Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 90, 1-13, 2000. [6] Xiangqian Li, Qilei Wang and Yemin Xue, â€Å" On the Change in Bacterial Growth and Magnetosome Formation for Magnetosprillum Sp. Strain AMB-1 Under Different Concentrations of Reducing Agents,† Jorunal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology,13, 1392-1398, 2013. [7] Yoshihito Uchino and Suzuki Ken-Ichiro, â€Å"A Simple Preparation of Liquid Media for the Cultivation of Strict Anaerobes,† Journal of Petroleum and Environmental Biotechnology, S3-001, 2157-2160, 2011.

Legal Homework 3 B Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Legitimate Homework 3 B - Essay Example Thirdly, Judy’s segregation, the section and unannounced exit of the therapist are away from of inability to put Judy and her family at the core of care; fourthly, the specialist and the medical caretaker have abused the guideline of correspondence and co-ordinated care in the treatment of the patient, in any case the difference in gatekeeper could have been progressively consistent to maintain a strategic distance from self destruction endeavors. 2. Was the medical caretaker careless for opening the washroom entryway and permitting Judy to shower without anyone else? The medical attendant was careless for opening the washroom and permitting the patient to shower without anyone else, in light of the fact that in fact it was incomprehensible for her to complete any significant prepping because of her psychological issue. Besides, she had spent numerous days without scrubbing down. 3. Was it underneath the standard of care the attendant to leave the restroom entryway opened when the therapist came to see Judy? Leaving the washroom entryway opened was all together, since the patient’s developments would be observed by the therapist. Also, if regardless the nurse’s assistance was direly required, the person would have gotten to the room more effectively than when it was bolted. 4. Is there a more prominent obligation to this patient from a moral point of view? Why or why not? Judy is experiencing automatic mental treatment favored under the precepts of police power and state’s parens patriae, anyway this condition doesn't strip her of patient rights and moral treatment. On the other hand, commanded treatment normally conjures moral strains for specialists and their collaborators that need a fragile exercise in careful control. While, Judy’s individual flexibilities ought to be limited by goodness of her emotional well-being, there should be a more prominent obligation to her by considering rules that commit the clinicians to treat her with more regard and poise (McSherry, McSherry, and Watson, 2012). While prevention of self destruction in Judy’s case requires a stricter situation, she merits a closer, more amiable condition since self destruction cases don't simply occur out of blues; there are impending signs like arrangement of ropes as saw for this situation. In recognizing the gravity of precluding Judy the opportunity from claiming patients, she ought to be conceded: a legal audit of her circumstance, a legitimate insight, and a superior, less prohibitive choice than hospitalization. In addition, more prominent obligation of care necessitates that the crisis social insurance office to team up additional with Judy’s chiefs in investigating practical treatment choices to reestablish her wellbeing, since it is just moral if the medicinal services staff progress in the direction of her prosperity as opposed to restricting her in a segregated room, which just serves to disturb her condition. 5 . What moral standards must be viewed as when thinking about such a patient? a) The fundamental moral rule that ought to be considered for this situation is treatment through educated assent. Inferable from Judy’s emotional well-being condition, her family through an authentic substitute leader maintain all authority to be outfitted with adjusted proficient data in regards to Judy’s wellbeing condition and suitable treatment alternatives so as to show up at fitting choices without undue impact. b). Furthermore there ought to be a cordial, proficient separation and regard among Judy and her clinicians that makes a more secure and progressively unsurprising condition for her recuperation. This would make room

3 Books to Read Before You See THE GREAT GATSBY

3 Books to Read Before You See THE GREAT GATSBY F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby is a story about alluring surfaces and rotted insides, about beautiful lies and ugly secrets. Given the way Hollywood often works, though, one might worry a bit that the new movie versionâ€"Baz Luhrmann’s reportedly lush and gorgeous 3-D spectacle, in wide release May 10â€"might skip the rot in favor of the sparkle. But the 1920s were way more complicated than that, as lavish parties were made possible by crushing economic inequality, as the nightclub scene was occasioned by the violence of Prohibition and bootlegging, as flappers danced while segregation was enforced by law and terror. So, in addition to reading the actual book if you haven’t (you do read books before going to see their movie adaptations, right?), here are three fun suggestions that will give you a bit of texture before you head into a screening of The Great Gatsby: The Portable Harlem Renaissance Reader, edited by David Levering Lewis My biggest recommendationâ€"especially if Gatsby is the only book you’ve read from the periodâ€"is to read some work from the Harlem Renaissance. You could go with better-known lights of the movement, like Langston Hughes and Nella Larsen, or you could go with more obscure (and definitely more challenging) authors like Richard Bruce Nugent. Whichever you choose, you’ll see artists confronting, with an angry grace, the strange fruit of American apartheid. This anthology is a great place to start exploring the movement, offering everything from essays by Alain Locke to fiction by Claude McKay to poetry by Jessie Redmon Fauset. (“If this is peace, this dead and leaden thing, / Then better far the hateful fret, the sting.”) You’ll find a range of authors and texts, giving a sense of the movement’s diversity and energy. And hopefully you’ll find some avenues to explore further after you finish watching Gatsby. The Poisoner’s Handbook: Murder and the Birth of Forensic Medicine in Jazz Age New York, by Deborah Blum Gatsby’s full of liquor-soaked parties, of course, but all that booze? It was illegal. The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution, ratified in 1919 and effective as of 1920, banned production, distribution, and sale of liquor in the U.S. That didn’t end the market, of course, but it made it far more dangerous and unpredictable, especially for people less wealthy than the residents of West Egg. Large portions of the fascinating, entertaining Poisoner’s Handbook deal with this rather less savory (and way less glittery) side of alcohol under Prohibition.  In particular, Blum documentsâ€"with both chemical detail and narrative colorâ€"the effects (like blindness, or death) of the various adulterants and substitutions that filled many bottles of illegal hooch. You’ll also learn the delightful ways that poisoners found to murder people and scientists discovered to catch them. Read this before you watch the movie, and you can ask yourself what’s really in those glasses that Leo nardo DiCaprio and Carey Mulligan keep tossing back. The Diviners, by Libba Bray Fitzgerald’s Gatsby (and one can assume, Baz Luhrmann’s, as well) is packed with symbols: floating eyes, green lights, etc., etc. Now imagine those symbols were actually demonic portents, and that Nick Carraway was a teenage flapper with psychic powers, and you might get a sense of what The Diviners offers. In this densely packed, hugely fun novel, Libba Bray manages the twin feats of making her book a rollicking ride and making it really, really creepy. The novel follows a group of disparate New Yorkersâ€"the flapper (a transplant from the Midwest, like Carraway and others in Gatsby), a poet in Harlem, a gay songwriter for the Ziegfeld Follies, an immigrant pickpocket, and othersâ€"as they discover hidden powers and investigate a series of grisly murders. While telling a great story, Bray is also more straightforward and honest about 1920s racism and prejudice than many who simply romanticize the period. Sweet and spooky, evocative and inventive, The Diviners is one of the most enjoyable reading experiences I’ve had this year. And it’s also fun to imagine those creepy eyes coming to life and working their bloody way through West Egg. Or maybe that’s just me. _________________________ Sign up for our newsletter to have the best of Book Riot delivered straight to your inbox every two weeks. No spam. We promise. To keep up with Book Riot on a daily basis, follow us on Twitter or like us on Facebook. So much bookish goodnessall day, every day. Sign up to Unusual Suspects to receive news and recommendations for mystery/thriller readers. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain - 971 Words

Throughout the years, authors have been influential figures in society who push change through the use of their novels. Usually they shed light on topics that are not well discussed and/or try to correct a social norm which is unjust. In Mark Twain’s classic The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, slavery and racism are portrayed in a humorous light through the eyes of a child. Twain could have narrated his own story about critiquing American society, but when he uses Huck to recount, he is given the freedom to write about the obvious injustices of slavery and racial discrimination which, the South shied away from. Twain utilizes satire throughout the novel to mock the norms of society throughout the many amusing experiences Huck has with†¦show more content†¦This illustrates the fact that even though Ms. Watson is a â€Å"good christian women† she still believes that owning another human being and considering them as property is alright in the eyes of the bible. T wain uses satire to show how hypocritical a good Christian woman can be when it comes to owning slaves and treating them as property. Later on in the book Pap goes on a unintelligent ran on how the government is corrupt and how â€Å"free nigger there, from ohio†(Twain 27), is allowed to vote even though it is obvious that the man has had more education than Pap. In this scene, Twain attacks the ignorance of a man in this time period, and showing how uncultured he is. He does this with Pap because Huck s father is simpleminded. Another key example of satire in the novel is the Sherburn-Boggs incident. Boggs enters the story and says that he has come kill Sherburn for some reason. The situation escalates and Boggs is shot and killed. The townspeople become furious and form a mob to lynch Sherburn. The townspeople arrive at Sherburn’s home, and he is sitting on the roof with a rifle. Sherburn states how the whole crowd is a coward for being in a mob wanting to lynch a ma n. The mob eventually disperses and Huck adds that â€Å"... the pitifulest thing out is a mob† (Twain 142). Twain mocks Southern bravery and the justice system. An example that really shows Hucks innocences and

Sources of Ethics - 20199 Words

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0- JOHN STEINER AND GEORGE STEINER SIX PRIMARY SOURCES OF ETHICS: 6 1- Religion: 6 2- Genetic Inheritance: 8 3- Philosophical Systems: 8 4- Cultural Experience: 8 5- The Legal System: 9 6- Codes of Conduct: 9 2.0- EXPLANATION OF THE SOURCES OF ETHICS: 10 2.1- RELIGION: 10 Teaching business ethics 12 2.11- Impact Of Religiosity: 13 2.12- Ethics Of Islam: 14 Nature of Islamic Ethics 17 The Human-Environment Relationship: 20 The Sustainable Care of Nature: 22 The Practice of Islamic Environmental Ethics: 22 2.14- Ethics And Other Religion: 25 2.2- GENETIC INHERITANCE: 31 2.21- LINKAGE OF GENETICS AND ETHICS: 32 Introduction: 32 HumGen: 37 Nuffield†¦show more content†¦The question her concerns the applicability of religious ethics to the business community. 2- Genetic Inheritance: In recent years, social-biologists have lots of evidence and arguments to suggest that the evolutionary forces of natural selection influence the development of the traits such as corporation and alteration that lie at the core of our ethical systems. 3- Philosophical Systems: To the Epicureans, the quality of pleasure to be derived from an act was the essential measure of its goodness. The Stoics, like the Puritans and many contemporary Americans, advocated a disciplined, hardworking, thrifty lifestyle. These philosophies and others, like those cited earlier, have been instrumental in our societys moral development. 4- Cultural Experience: Here, the Steiner’s refer to the rules, customs, and standards transmitted from generation to generation as guidelines for appropriate conduct. Individual values are shaped in large measure by the norms of the society. 5- The Legal System: Laws represent a rough approximation of societys ethical standards. Thus, the law serves to educate us about the ethical course in life. The law does not and, most would agree, should not, be treated as a vehicle for expressing all of societys ethical preferences. 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Chopra Meindl Free Essays

1. Consider a supermarket deciding on the size of its replenishment order from Proctor Gamble. What costs should it take into account when making this decision? The main cost categories for the supermarket’s inventory policy are material costs, ordering costs, and holding costs. We will write a custom essay sample on Chopra Meindl or any similar topic only for you Order Now Material cost is the money paid to Proctor and Gamble for the goods themselves. Ordering costs, also called procurement costs, are incurred by requesting the goods from the supplier and are fixed in the sense that they do not vary with the size of the order. Examples of such fixed costs are the labor required to place the order, handle the resultant paperwork and the transportation fee to ship the order. The holding cost is the cost to carry one unit in inventory for a specified period of time, usually one year. This cost is variable and includes the cost of capital and all of the costs associated with physically storing inventory – shrinkage, spoilage or obsolescence, insurance, the cost of capital, the cost of the warehouse space, etc. 2. Discuss how various costs for the supermarket change as it decreases the lot size ordered from Proctor Gamble. As the lot size ordered from the supplier decreases, the holding cost (variable with respect to lot size) decreases. As the lot size decreases, the ordering cost remains the same, but the annual ordering cost will rise since the total number of orders each year must increase. As the lot size decreases, the cost of the materials will drop on a per-order basis but will stay the same on an annual basis since total annual demand hasn’t changed. The exception to this occurs if the supplier has a price break for an order size above a certain threshold; in this case the cost of the goods might increase if the reduced order size is not sufficient to trigger a substantial per unit discount. 3. As demand at the supermarket chain grows, how would you expect the cycle inventory measured in days of inventory to change? Explain. As the demand at the supermarket chain grows, we would expect the cycle inventory as measured in days of inventory to also increase, although the increase in cycle inventory is only 40% of the increase in demand. This is because the relationship between the optimal lot size Q* and the annual demand D is [pic]. Since D is under the radical, its doubling to 2D does not translate to a jump from a Q* to a 2Q* order; it translates to a jump from a Q* to a 1. 4Q* order. 4. The manager at the supermarket wants to decrease the lot size without increasing the costs he incurs. What actions can he take to achieve his objective? One action would be to simply decrease the lot size and let the robust nature of the EOQ model work its magic. The total cost curve on either side of the optimal order quantity, the Q*, is relatively flat, so movements in either direction have little impact on total annual procurement and carrying costs. If greater cuts in lot size are desired, the manager can aggregate multiple products in a single order. Recall that the EOQ model is based on a one-product-at-a-time assumption; if multiple products are aggregated, then the fixed procurement cost is spread over all of the items and dramatic lot size reductions are possible. If the same products are being ordered by another supermarket in the same chain (or at least by stores that are willing to cooperate) the combined orders can be delivered by a single truck making multiple stops, thereby reducing transportation expense. Other techniques that should be deployed when aggregating across product lines include advanced shipping notices and RFID tags that will make inventory tracking and warehouse management simpler. 5. When are quantity discounts justified in a supply chain? Quantity discounts are justified in a supply chain as long as they are the fruits of a coordinated supply chain and maximize total supply chain profits. For commodity products for which price is set by the market, manufacturers with large fixed costs per lot can use lot size-based quantity discounts to maximize total supply chain profits. 6. What is the difference between lot size-based and volume-based quantity discounts? Lot size discounts are based on the quantity purchased per lot, not the rate of purchase. Lot size-based discounts tend to raise cycle inventory in the supply chain by encouraging retailers to increase the size of each lot. Lot size-based discounts make sense only when the manufacturer incurs a very high fixed cost per order. For commodity products for which price is set by the market, manufacturers with large fixed costs per lot can use lot size-based quantity discounts to maximize total supply chain profits. Volume discounts are based on the rate of purchase or volume purchased per specified time period. Volume-based discounts are compatible with small lots that reduce the cycle inventory. If the manufacturer does not incur a very high fixed cost per order, it is better for the supply chain to have volume-based discounts. For products for which a firm has market power, volume-based discounts can be used to achieve coordination in the supply chain and maximize supply chain profits. 7. Why do manufacturers such as Kraft and Sara Lee offer trade promotions? What impact do trade promotions have on the supply chain? How should trade promotions be structured to maximize their impact while minimizing the additional cost they impose on the supply chain? Manufacturers use trade promotions to offer a discounted price and a time period over which the discount is effective. The goal of manufacturers such as Kraft and Sara Lee is to influence retailers to act in a way that helps the manufacturer achieve its objectives. These objectives may include increased sales, a shifting of inventory from manufacturer to retailer, and defense against the competition. Trade promotions may cause a retailer to pass through some or all of the promotion to customers to spur sales, which increases sales for the entire supply chain. What happens more frequently in practice is that retailers may choose to pass through very little of the promotion to customers, purchase in greater quantities, and hold this cheaper inventory in greater quantities. This action increases both cycle inventory and flow times within the supply chain. Trade promotions should be structured such that a retailer’s optimal response benefits the entire supply chain, i. e. , retailers limit their forward buying and pass along more of the discount to end customers. If the manufacturer has accumulated excessive inventory, then a trade promotion may provide sufficient incentive to the buyer to forward buy, thus drawing inventories down to an appropriate level. The manufacturer may be able to smooth demand by shifting it to a period of anticipated low demand with a trade promotion. Research has shown that trade promotions by the manufacturer are effective for products with high deal elasticity that ensures high pass-through (passing the discount on to the consumer) and high holding costs that ensure low forward buying, paper goods being the poster child for this combination. Trade promotions are also more effective with strong brands relative to weak brands and may make sense as a competitive response. 8. Why is it appropriate to include only the incremental cost when estimating the holding and order cost for a firm? The cycle inventory models discussed in the chapter are robust; thus incremental (variable) costs per lot size are more important than costs that are fixed with respect to lot size. The labor component of procurement or setup costs may be salaried; therefore changes in lot size do not impact this component. How to cite Chopra Meindl, Papers

Politics in Kenya in the 20th Century free essay sample

This paper discusses the role of the Mau Mau tribe in Kenyas independence. Also, the role of Jomo Kenyatta and the Kikuyu Central Association regarding liberation from British oppression. This paper discusses the political situation in Kenya, specifically the Mau Mau tribe. The author explains the role of the British, and their eventual eradication from Kenya. The road to freedom and development in modern day Africa has been a lengthy struggle for the continents nations. Political negotiations, violent uprisings, and anti- European liberation movements were all employed by different African countries at various times, depending on how difficult achieving independence would be. For nations like Tanganyika, independence was obtained through less hectic means; as this countrys primary nationalist movement (Tanganyika African National Union), led by Julius Nyere, won a decisive majority in the 1958 British parliamentary election. TANUs victory coupled with the support they received from several powerful white-settler politicians resulted in independence for this nation, ultimately constructed around a fair and non-racial constitution. We will write a custom essay sample on Politics in Kenya in the 20th Century or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Using the Spanish Verb Pedir

Using the Spanish Verb Pedir The verb pedir is used to refer to the making of requests and is typically translated as to ask for or to request. It should not be confused with preguntar, which usually means to ask a question. Translating Pedir Keep in mind that if using pedir to mean to ask for, you shouldnt translate the for separately, as its meaning is already included in the verb. If youre a beginner at learning Spanish, it may help you to think of pedir as meaning to request, because the sentence structure you use with that English translation may more closely mimic the Spanish sentence structure. For example: Mis hijas me pidieron que les escribiera un libro. Both  My daughters asked me to write a book for them, and  My daughters requested that I write them a book are good translations. The two English sentences have the same meaning, but the second one is worded more similarly to the Spanish. Here are some examples of pedir in action: El gobierno pidià ³ la ayuda para los damnificados por el huracn. (The government asked for help for the hurricane victims.) ¿Es malo si mi enamorada me pide dinero para resolver sus problemas? (Is it bad if my sweetheart is asking me for money in order to solve her problems?)No pidas eso. (Dont ask for that.)No pido el dinero para mà ­. (Im not asking for the money for myself.)Pidieron un coche y salieron de prisa. (They asked for a car and left in a hurry.) ¿Quà © pides para tu cumpleaà ±os? (What are you asking for for your birthday?) Note that pedir que is followed by a verb in the subjunctive mood: Te pido que me escuches. (Im asking you to listen to me.)Pediremos que se reconozca el resultado de la eleccià ³n. (We will ask that the outcome of the election be recognized.)Nunca he pedido que me manden estos libros. (I have never asked them to send me these books.) Although to request or to ask for nearly always works as a translation, in some contexts it is sometimes better translated with a different verb. For example, pedir  can sometimes have a stronger meaning than ask: Un tercio de los votantes pidieron un cambio radical. (A third of the voters called for a radical change.)Mi jefe con rabia pudo haber borrado los archivos. (My boss angrily demanded to have the files be erased.) Pedir can also be used to refer to the ordering of merchandise or services: Me pongo muy triste cuando quiero pedir pizza y no tengo dinero. (I get very sad when I want to order pizza and I dont have any money.)Lo pidieron tarde por internet y no llegà ³ a tiempo. (They ordered it late online and it didnt arrive on time.) Phrases Using Pedir Here are some common phrases using pedir: pedir un deseo: to make a wish.  ¿Quà © pasa con las monedas que tiramos en las fuentes cuando pedimos un deseo? (What happens with the coins we throw in fountains when we make a wish?pedir la mano de:  to ask for someones hand in marriage. Le pedà ­ la mano de mi esposa en la estacià ³n del tren. (I asked for my wifes hand in marriage at the train station.)pedir justicia:  to seek justice, to demand justice. Los manifestantes piden justicia para el hombre que murià ³. (The demonstrators are demanding justice for the man who died.)pedir la Luna:  to ask for the moon, to ask for something impossible. Nuestros clientes no piden la Luna. Simplemente quieren disfrutar de un servicio rpido. (Our customers arent asking for the moon. They simply want to enjoy quick service.)pedir perdà ³n:  To ask for forgiveness, to apologize. Me pide perdà ³n por haberme hecho tanto daà ±o. (She apologized for having caused me so much harm.)pedir permiso:  to ask for permission. Nunca l e hemos pedido permiso a nadie. (We have never asked for permission from anybody.) Conjugation of Pedir Keep in mind that pedir is conjugated irregularly, following the pattern of vestir. When the -e- of the stem is stressed, it becomes an -i-. For example, here is the conjugation of the present-tense indicative mood: yo pido (I request), tà º pides (you request), usted/à ©l/ella pide (you/he/she request), nosotros/as pedimos (we request), vosotros/as pedà ­s (you request), ustedes/ellos/ellas piden (you/they request).

Definition and Examples of Linguistic Competence

Definition and Examples of Linguistic Competence The term linguistic competence refers to the unconscious knowledge of grammar that allows a speaker to use and understand a language. Also known as grammatical competence or I-language.  Contrast with linguistic performance. As used by Noam Chomsky and other linguists, linguistic competence is not an evaluative term. Rather, it refers to the innate linguistic knowledge that allows a person to match sounds and meanings. In  Aspects of the Theory of Syntax  (1965), Chomsky wrote, We thus make a fundamental distinction between competence  (the speaker-hearers knowledge of his language) and performance  (the actual use of language in concrete situations). Examples and Observations Linguistic competence constitutes knowledge of language, but that knowledge is tacit, implicit. This means that people do not have conscious access to the principles and rules that govern the combination of sounds, words, and sentences; however, they do recognize when those rules and principles have been violated. . . . For example, when a person judges that the sentence John said that Jane helped himself is ungrammatical, it is because the person has tacit knowledge of the grammatical principle that reflexive pronouns must refer to an NP in the same clause. (Eva M. Fernandez and Helen Smith Cairns, Fundamentals of Psycholinguistics. Wiley-Blackwell, 2011) Linguistic Competence and Linguistic Performance In [Noam] Chomskys theory, our linguistic competence is our unconscious knowledge of languages and is similar in some ways to [Ferdinand de] Saussures concept of langue, the organizing principles of a language. What we actually produce as utterances is similar to Saussures parole, and is called linguistic performance. The difference between linguistic competence and linguistic performance can be illustrated by slips of the tongue, such as noble tons of soil for noble sons of toil. Uttering such a slip doesnt mean that we dont know English but rather that weve simply made a mistake because we were tired, distracted, or whatever. Such errors also arent evidence that you are (assuming you are a native speaker) a poor English speaker or that you dont know English as well as someone else does. It means that linguistic performance is different from linguistic competence. When we say that someone is a better speaker than someone else (Martin Luther King, Jr., for example, was a terrific ora tor, much better than you might be), these judgements tell us about performance, not competence. Native speakers of a language, whether they are famous public speakers or not, dont know the language any better than any other speaker in terms of linguistic competence. (Kristin Denham and Anne Lobeck, Linguistics for Everyone. Wadsworth, 2010) Two language users may have the same program for carrying out specific tasks of production and recognition, but differ in their ability to apply it because of exogenous differences (such as short-term memory capacity). The two are accordingly equally language-competent but not necessarily equally adept at making use of their competence. The linguistic competence of a human being should accordingly be identified with that individuals internalized program for production and recognition. While many linguists would identify the study of this program with the study of performance rather than competence, it should be clear that this identification is mistaken since we have deliberately abstracted away from any consideration of what happens when a language user actually attempts to put the program to use. A major goal of the psychology of language is to construct a viable hypothesis as to the structure of this program . . .. (Michael B. Kac, Grammars and Grammaticality. John Benjamins, 1992)

Reflecting on Identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reflecting on Identity - Essay Example Throughout my life, I have conducted considerable self-investigation into my gender and have come to embrace many elements of feminist philosophy. Ultimately, then I recognize that being a feminist is an essential element of my identity. Today, feminism has become a highly complex term; women’s rights and equality movements, however, have been in existence since at least the late 19th century. Still, feminism did not emerge until the mid-20th century as a formal movement and philosophy (Stansell, p. 20). I recognize that many different versions of feminism have emerged since that period and there are conflicting perspectives within the feminist movement. These perspectives, however, greatly inform the way that society perceives feminists. In this way, feminists are oftentimes perceived as potentially overbearing or men haters, while other people simply view them as politically active. My personal vision of feminism is the belief that women should have equal rights throughout s ociety. In this way, feminist ideas have greatly come to form my identity. I believe that there is a degree of inequality in many instances that occurred throughout the world. This is not to say that just because one is a woman their life is necessarily more difficult than other people but, rather, women may not have equal access and equitable treatment to all the opportunities in life they fairly should. In this way, I believe that because of male physical strength society evolved in a way where women assumed less dominant roles. With the advancement of technology women’s roles remained subservient, while the need for physical advantage in society decreased. What exists then is a gap between the rights women should be afforded. Within this gap, I believe, is a fundamental recognition of my identity. I have experienced some conflicts because of my identity as a feminist. I believe that both men and women should be judged on their competency as a person and that they should be given equal voices in decision making. In many instances, however, I have recognized that males are given a greater voice than females because they exhibit more aggressive or intimidating behavior. In these situations, reflecting on feminist doctrine has allowed me to recognize that it is not right for males to take advantage of these situations. Subsequently, I have felt more empowered to speak-up and ensure that I am given treatment based on my competency and work ethic rather than on my gender. Through speaking up, I have come to personally resolve the conflict I am facing regarding such empowerment issues. I further recognize that in these situations my identity as a feminist is highlighted. I further recognize that feminism reflects my identity, as well as the way society reflects upon me. In this way, my attention is drawn to the feminist notion of objectification. For feminists, objectification occurs in the media wherein women are depicted as objects rather than situated as people deserving of equal treatment. At the heart of the conflict, I believe, is not so much that I have been objectified by the media, but that I recognize that the media’s depiction of females is not always fair and equitable. I recognize that I must self-reflexively consider my position in the world despite what the media depicts. For instance, the media may be more active in depicting males in leadership positions or positions of competency. In this way, a stereotype is established that

Technology In Education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Technology In Education - Research Paper Example From the discussion it is clear that  students are growing up with ideas of how to play educational games and also how to connect with the world beyond the classroom through popular social media sites. In the process of learning and reading, students are taught concepts like online privacy. Consequently, technology impacts on education at its foundation. Therefore, when the children get older, their time spent on computers significantly increases. To this end, they spend a great amount of time socializing with friends and online gaming.This paper stresses that learners are already skilled in using social media, therefore, the education system is trying to make education curriculum interesting by incorporating the social media savvy demographic. Consequently, some tutors are suggesting a controversial approach in which the school     curriculum adopts social media programs which will create relevancy for education to learners.  Educators communicate directly with leaders in th eir field and are able to compare educational techniques and curriculum through social media. Moreover, they use social sites to engage in innovative concepts as well as blogs to inform each other on new ideas globally. Teachers and professors are able to spread out a conversation to social media sites to create a global audience. To this end, it is evident that the impact of social media in education is creating an educational revolution.

Middle East Crisis Essay -- essays research papers

The Middle East Violence in the Middle East must be stopped for the good of humankind. Fighting in recent days has been hazardous and fatal. There are many things that can be done to prevent this violence. A permanent cease-fire must be in effect, the international community should get involved and land claims must be worked out. These three things are necessary in order to resolve this situation. A permanent cease-fire would be very important. If a permanent cease-fire was in effect, the death tolls will be dramatically lowered. The first step in the cease-fire process would be to unite both the Israelis and the Palestinians in an international peace conference. This conference would make both countries realize that the violence that is occurring is serious and horrible. The Palestinians must cease their protests. These protests in the recent days have been turned into bloody battles because of the â€Å"rock throwers†. The rock throwers cause the Israelis to return fire. In the worst case, this violence could turn into a mass murder. The violence might become so violent, that there would be many unnecessary deaths and a potential genocide, which has happened in other countries such as Yugoslavia with this similar situation. This is not the only thing that has to take place in order for the peace process to proceed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The international community should be involved in the peace process. The United Nations condemns this violence and should ...

Explore the theme of loneliness in Mice and men Essay

Explore the theme of loneliness in Mice and men, how does Steinbeck show the loneliness of an itinerant lifestyle through three particular characters. Many of the characters in mice and men are lonely and this motivates them to look for an alternative way of life. This is one of the reasons why they are drifters. They are continually searching often without knowing what they are really looking for. Characters are also lonely because of something within themselves. Different characters seek comfort in different things, for Candy this is his dog, for George and Lenny it’s each other â€Å"I want you to stay with me Lenny†, for Crooks it’s his pride and skill at pitching horseshoes. These small comforts are the only things that keep these men going. They have no family to feed so the only real motivation they have to work is to keep themselves alive. Right from the beginning of the book Steinbeck emphasizes the loneliness of George and Lenny by putting just two men in such a big and empty space â€Å"On one side of the river the golden foot-hill slopes curve up to the strong and rocky Gabilan Mountains†. Steinbeck uses lexical choice like Strong and rocky to make the description more cinematographic so that you can actually see these two small mean compared to their mountainous surroundings. These two men have travelled together for all of their lives. They were friends as children but now George has had to take a more parental role over Lenny. â€Å"You know damn well what Lenny, now hand over that mouse.† The use of the word damn makes George sound much more authoritative. Lenny being mentally disabled is probably a lot less lonely in his mind compared to the other characters in the novel as his brain seems to be more child like and he is easily occupied â€Å"I’d just love to pet those rabbits George†. The main goal in Lenny’s life is to have his own rabbits. In a way this would be his way of becoming less lonely as he could be an authority figure over them rather than everyone else telling him what to do. George is Lenny’s best friend and mentor. He is the closest thing to family that Lenny has got from what we can tell in the book and although he gets angry sometimes and talks about how he could do so much better without Lenny, â€Å"When I think of the swell time I could have without you, I go nuts, I never get no peace.†, he knows deep down that without Lenny he wouldn’t be the same â€Å"No – look ! I was jus foolin, Lenny cause I want you to stay with me.† When Lenny threatens George that he will actually leave George realises the loneliness that they would both face if Lenny carried out the threat and told Lenny to stay. Crooks is the stable-buck on the ranch. Although most of the men are lonely none of them are outcasts. This is an advantage which Crooks doesn’t carry. He is a Negro and in the 1930’s racial discrimination was an every day practise â€Å"where the hell is that god damned nigger?† Writing about coloured people in this context in those days wasn’t a problem and people wouldn’t think twice about using words such as â€Å"nigger† or â€Å"Negro† to a black persons face. Crooks has no friends, he just sits in his own little room in the stables â€Å"and he had books too; a tattered dictionary and a mauled copy of the California civil code for 1905.† Reading these books has made Crooks intelligent and being so bitter this intelligence makes him manipulative at times. For example he teases Lenny about George not returning from town â€Å"S’pose George don’t come back no more, S’pose he just took a powder and just ain’t coming back.† He knows that Lenny is easily fooled and teasing him is a way of gaining a higher social status as he has someone to ridicule. Crooks has no woman in his life and the book doesn’t mention that he ever has. The only time Crooks isn’t lonely is when the men play the horseshoe tossing game. Crooks in this unique social activity is aloud to take part and forget that he is a social pariah â€Å"Outside came the clang of horse-shoes on the playing peg as Crooks scored top points† In conclusion one of the novels main themes is loneliness. There isn’t one character in the whole story who doesn’t feel lonely. All the men move to a ranch and just as they make good friends it becomes time to move in to the next ranch and start again. For Crooks he will most likely stay in the same place for all his working life living alone until such time he becomes useless and then he will be thrown out into a world that has no place for him. By the end of the novel the only two people who escape this life long loneliness seem to be Lenny and Curlies wife.

America Is The Land Of The Free - 2667 Words

Chelsey Turnbull English composition America is the land of the free; it’s ironic that America also by far has more incarcerated citizens than any other country in the world. America is at war. We have been fighting drug abuse for almost a century. In 1972 president Nixon declared a war on drugs. Unfortunately, we are not winning this war. Drug users are still filling up our jails and prisons, now more than ever. The drug war causes violent crime and criminal activity due to prohibition, not the drugs themselves. Children in all of this are left neglected or without parents. The only beneficiaries of this war are organized crime members and drug dealers. The United States has focused its efforts on the criminalization of drug use. The government has spent billions of dollars in efforts to rid the supply of drugs. Even with all this money and effort of law enforcement it has not decreased the demand or supply of illegal drugs. Not only being highly costly, drug law enforcement has been counterproductive . Current drug laws need to be reviewed and changed. The United States needs to shift spending from law enforcement and penalization to education, treatment, and prevention. The war on drugs has caused many problems in the United States, family problems, financial problems and has increased crime, after forty years in this war it’s time for a change. In terms of age, 58 percent of children with incarcerated parents are under ten years of age with 8 being theShow MoreRelatedAmerica Is The Land Of The Free Essay1403 Words   |  6 Pagesthat remained. A petrified twelve-year-old me once asked my mother why we were moving to America and to that question she replied â€Å"America is the land of the free; the land of opportunities†. America did feel like an embodiment of her statement my first few years here but as time passed I began to see some clear differences in how society viewed me. I wondered, if this really was the so called â€Å"land of the free†, why are minorities incarcerated at a higher rate? And why are there such significant socioeconomicRead MoreIs America Truly the Land of the Free?1423 Words   |  6 Pages America has been talked about as the land of freedom, opportunity and a promise of better life for everyone. But has it always been all of that? the people who came to America in search of better living circumstances, did they find what they were looking for, or were they disappointed, forgotten and overlooked left to take care of themselves how they could. People who migrated over from Europe, came in large numbers once word of prosperity and better life reached their countries seeking better lifeRead MoreAmerica, The Land Of The Free And The Home1372 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica, the land of the free and the home of the brave. When one thinks of this beautiful country, they think of the great opportunities that it holds and of the great success it has achieved over the years. However, while this nation does have so many great things about it, it’s time that people notice the ugly truth that is living right in their own hometown. The United States has turned its back on the middle class and the lower class of its society. If someone was to drive through the centerRead MoreAmerica, Land Of The Free And Birthplace846 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica, land of the free an d birthplace to the largest discount retailer in the world. After its start up in 1962, Wal-Mart Supercenter has since become a household name in the United States and many other countries across the world (Frank, 1). The corporation’s biggest appeal is its low prices and large number of products compared to those of competing stores, such as Target and Fred Meyers. Due to this fame, the Walmart name tends to be surrounded by a lot of press coverage and controversyRead MoreAmerica, Land of the Free...or Not Essay1753 Words   |  8 Pagesideals of democracy and freedom for all. Can the Cold War moment of McCarthyism, the fervent pursuit of Communist sympathizers in the United States, and the accompanying suppression of civil liberties be reconciled with this tradition of the â€Å"land of the free†? Does it represent an anomaly? Or is it one example of many in which the freedom of individual Americans has been (needlessly) sacrificed to protect perceived threats to the United States? Senator Joseph McCarthy went from a farm boy inRead MoreAmerica Land of the Free Essay example1159 Words   |  5 PagesWhen America was first formed it was deemed land of the free and home of brave with freedom to go as you please and hold a weapon. As America progressed into the future it has lost its luster and has become a country of laws that no longer protect the freedom that Americans once had. This loss of control has turned America for the worse and is creating a home that is less wanted by all. America is no longer land of the free and home of the brave. It has been disheveled into a state of turmoil withRead MoreThe United States of America is known to be the land of the free. In addition to that, it is the800 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States of America is known to be the land of the free. In addition to that, it is the country of choices and chance. The right that one would carry around in this nation is considered abundant in contrast to others. However, with the freedom of rights, one also carries the responsibilities to make the U.S the superpower and 1st world country its known for using the patriotism of its citizens. The relationship between the nation and its citizens help accomplish a pleasant environment whereRead MoreA Brave New World : America Land Of The Free And Home1323 Words   |  6 Pages A brave new world America land of the free and home of the brave or at least that’s what we’re raised to think. The suppression of civil liberties has lingered amongst us since the birth of this nation. To resolve this problem, the federal government is known to introduce legislation in order to balance equality in society. Since companies are bound to the law of the land, they must comply with all rules and regulations but often, largely successful companies will go above and beyond meeting theRead MoreAmerica: â€Å"The land of the free and the home of the brave.† When I first moved to America from India800 Words   |  4 Pages America: â€Å"The land of the free and the home of the brave.† When I first moved to America from India in elementary school, I heard countless exciting stories. The most important thing I was told was that America is the land to start over, a land full of equal opportunities, and a land of happiness. While growing older however, I started to un derstand that not everyone is comfortable with foreigners. When I was eight years old, I learned that there will always be people who will not agree with whoRead MoreAnalysis Of Langston Hughes s The Crucible 872 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica today, is looked at to be the most â€Å"free† country’s to live in. To many people in today’s society, they see America as a great place to live and that you can accomplish or get anything that the person wants. However, there are some key points that Langston Hughes shows in his two poems that can show a reader how America being perfectly â€Å"free† is not the case. Langston Hughes makes three key points in Open Letter to The South and Let America Be America Again, which are America’s equality,